Flipped learning- unit 2 Trends and movement

 This task given by megha ma'am. 

In flipped learning, students learn new content at home through videos or readings and use class time for interactive activities and discussions to reinforce and apply what they learned.Flipped learning helps students gain a deeper understanding and actively engage with the material during class. Teacher's Blog

1)- Modernism: 

Modernism was a cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It sought to break away from traditional forms of art, literature, architecture, and social organization to create something new and reflective of contemporary life.

Key Aspects of Modernism

Art and Literature:

 Modernist art often focused on abstraction and the inner workings of the mind. Artists like Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollock exemplified this in their works.

Stream of Consciousness: In literature, Modernist writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf used a stream of consciousness technique to reflect the complexities of human thought.

Imagism and Symbolism: Poets like Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot favored precise imagery and complex symbols to convey deeper meanings.

Architecture:

Functionalism: Modernist architecture emphasized function over form. Think of buildings designed by Le Corbusier, where simplicity and practicality were key.

Use of New Materials: The movement embraced new materials like steel and glass, leading to innovative designs and structures

Philosophy:

Existentialism and Nihilism: Modernist thought often grappled with existential questions and a sense of meaninglessness, influenced by philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Rejection of Absolute Truths: Modernists challenged the idea of absolute truths and embraced relativism and subjectivity.

Social and Cultural Context:

World Wars: The trauma and disillusionment following the World Wars played a significant role in shaping Modernist attitudes.

Industrialization and Urbanization: Rapid technological advancements and urban growth were key influences, reflecting the fast-paced and fragmented nature of modern life.

Impact and Legacy

Modernism fundamentally changed the way we perceive and create art, literature, and architecture. Its legacy lives on, influencing contemporary movements and sparking ongoing debates about the nature of art and society.

2)- Stream of consciousness: 

Definition and Meaning

Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique used in literature to depict the continuous flow of a character's thoughts and feelings. This method aims to provide readers with a direct insight into the character's mind, often in a fragmented and nonlinear manner.

Time and Setting

Time: The stream of consciousness technique emerged in the early 20th century and became a hallmark of Modernist literature.

Setting: It can be applied in various settings, but the key aspect is that it delves deeply into the inner workings of the character's mind, transcending traditional narrative structures.

Pioneer

Pioneers: This technique was notably pioneered by writers like James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust. They utilized it to explore the complexities of human consciousness and experience.

Characteristics

Nonlinear Narrative: The narrative often jumps between different time periods, memories, and thoughts, reflecting the way the mind works.

Interior Monologue: The character's thoughts are presented in an uninterrupted flow, giving a sense of immediacy and intimacy.

Fragmentation: The text can appear disjointed and fragmented, mirroring the often chaotic nature of human thought.

Subjectivity: Emphasis is placed on the character's subjective experience rather than external events.

Examples

James Joyce's "Ulysses": This novel is a prime example of stream of consciousness, particularly in the "Penelope" chapter, which captures the thoughts of Molly Bloom in a continuous flow.

Virginia Woolf's "Mrs. Dalloway": The novel explores the inner lives of its characters through a stream of consciousness narrative, providing a rich tapestry of thoughts and emotions.

Significance

The stream of consciousness technique allows for a deeper exploration of character psychology, making the reader privy to the most intimate and spontaneous aspects of the character's mind. It challenges traditional narrative conventions and enriches the literary landscape with its unique approach.

3)- Avant Garde Movement: 

Definition and Meaning

Avant-Garde (French for "advance guard" or "vanguard") refers to innovative, unconventional, and experimental art, literature, and culture that pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo.

Time and Setting

Time: The Avant-Garde movement gained prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, continuing through various waves and phases throughout the 20th century.

Setting: It thrived in major cultural hubs like Paris, New York, Berlin, and other cosmopolitan cities where artists and intellectuals gathered.

Pioneers

Artists: Marcel Duchamp, Pablo Picasso, and Wassily Kandinsky.

Writers: James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, and André Breton.

Filmmakers: Luis Buñuel and Sergei Eisenstein.

Characteristics

Innovation and Experimentation: Avant-Garde artists sought to break away from traditional techniques, exploring new mediums, forms, and concepts.

Rejection of Conventions: There was a deliberate effort to challenge and subvert established norms in art, literature, and society.

Focus on Abstract and Conceptual Art: Avant-Garde often emphasized abstract art, conceptual ideas, and the exploration of the subconscious.

Political and Social Commentary: Many Avant-Garde works addressed contemporary social and political issues, often with a critical or revolutionary stance.

Examples

Art:

Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain": A readymade sculpture that challenged traditional notions of art.

Pablo Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon": An innovative cubist painting that broke away from classical representation.

Literature:

James Joyce's "Finnegans Wake": A complex, experimental novel known for its stream of consciousness style.

André Breton's "Nadja": A surrealist novel exploring the boundaries of reality and the unconscious mind.

Film:

Luis Buñuel's "Un Chien Andalou": A surrealist film that defied conventional narrative structures.

Sergei Eisenstein's "Battleship Potemkin": Known for its pioneering use of montage techniques to convey powerful messages.

Impact and Legacy

The Avant-Garde movement significantly influenced contemporary art, literature, and culture. It paved the way for later movements such as Surrealism, Dadaism, and Abstract Expressionism, continuously challenging artists and thinkers to push the boundaries of creativity and expression.

4)- Expressionism: 

Expressionism is an artistic movement that emphasizes the depiction of raw emotional experiences and inner feelings rather than external reality. It seeks to convey the artist's subjective interpretation of the world.

Time and Setting

Time: Expressionism emerged in the early 20th century, around 1905, and flourished particularly before World War I and continued into the interwar period.

Setting: The movement primarily developed in Germany, with key centers in cities like Berlin, Dresden, and Munich.

Pioneers

Artists: Edvard Munch, Wassily Kandinsky, and Egon Schiele.

Writers: Franz Kafka and Georg Trakl.

Filmmakers: Fritz Lang and Robert Wiene.

Characteristics

Emotional Intensity: Expressionist works are often characterized by intense, emotional, and sometimes disturbing content.

Distorted Forms: Artists use exaggerated and distorted forms to convey their inner feelings.

Bold Colors: The use of bold, often jarring colors to evoke strong emotional responses.

Symbolism: Heavy use of symbolic imagery to represent abstract concepts and emotions.

Examples

Art:

Edvard Munch's "The Scream": An iconic painting depicting profound existential anguish.

Wassily Kandinsky's "Composition VII": An abstract work aiming to convey spiritual and emotional experiences.

Literature:

Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis": A novella exploring themes of alienation and identity through a surreal transformation.

Georg Trakl's Poems: His poetry often delves into themes of despair and emotional turmoil.

Film:

Fritz Lang's "Metropolis": A classic silent film depicting a dystopian future with strong emotional and visual elements.

Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari": A film known for its stylized sets and unsettling atmosphere, reflecting the inner psyche of its characters.

Impact and Legacy

Expressionism significantly influenced various art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, and cinema. It paved the way for later movements like Abstract Expressionism and has left a lasting impact on how artists express inner emotions and psychological states.

Expressionism is all about conveying the depths of human emotion and the complexities of the human psyche.

5)- Absurdism: 

Absurdism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the inherent meaninglessness of life and the struggle to find purpose in an indifferent universe.

Key Points

Definition: Absurdism explores the conflict between the human desire for meaning and the silent, indifferent universe that offers none.

Time: The concept gained prominence in the mid-20th century.

Setting: It is closely associated with post-World War II Europe, particularly France.

Pioneer: Albert Camus is often considered the pioneer of Absurdism, alongside contributions from existentialist philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre.

Characteristics

Recognition of the Absurd: The acknowledgment that life is inherently meaningless.

Human Struggle: The focus on the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world.

Rejection of Nihilism: Unlike nihilism, Absurdism does not advocate for despair but encourages individuals to embrace the absurd condition.

Acceptance and Defiance: Emphasizes accepting the absurdity of existence while continuing to live fully and authentically.

Examples

Literature:

Albert Camus' "The Myth of Sisyphus": Explores the absurd hero who finds contentment in his futile task.

Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot": A play depicting characters waiting for meaning or purpose that never arrives.

Philosophy:

Albert Camus' Essays: His works delve deeply into the philosophy of the absurd and how individuals can confront it.

Impact

Absurdism has significantly influenced literature, theatre, and philosophy, challenging individuals to find their own path in an indifferent universe and inspiring various creative and intellectual pursuits.

6)- Surrealism: 

Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that seeks to unleash the creative potential of the unconscious mind by juxtaposing irrational and dream-like imagery.

Key Points

Definition: Surrealism aims to express the workings of the unconscious mind, often through bizarre, illogical, or dream-like scenes.

Time: The movement began in the early 1920s.

Setting: It primarily took root in Paris but had a global influence.

Pioneers:

Artists: Salvador Dalí, René Magritte.

Writers: André Breton, who penned the Surrealist Manifesto.

Characteristics:

Dream-like imagery.

Juxtaposition of unexpected elements.

Exploration of the unconscious mind.

Absurd and fantastical scenes.

Examples:

Art: Salvador Dalí's "The Persistence of Memory" (melting clocks).

Literature: André Breton's "Nadja" (surrealist narrative exploring reality and fantasy).

Impact

Surrealism continues to influence contemporary art, film, and literature, celebrating the power of the imagination and the subconscious.

Surrealism embraces the unexpected and irrational to reveal deeper truths.

7)- Postmodernism:

Postmodernism is a cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against modernism and its principles.

Key Points

Definition: Postmodernism questions the ideas of universal truths, fixed meanings, and grand narratives. It emphasizes diversity, relativism, and the blending of different styles and genres.

Time: The movement gained prominence in the late 20th century, particularly from the 1960s onward.

Setting: It had a global influence, with significant contributions from various cultural and intellectual hubs.

Pioneers:

Philosophers: Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida.

Artists and Writers: Andy Warhol, Thomas Pynchon, and Kurt Vonnegut.

Characteristics:

Irony and Playfulness: Frequent use of irony, parody, and playful mixing of styles.

Fragmentation: Emphasis on fragmented narratives and structures.

Intertextuality: References to and incorporation of other texts and media.

Pastiche: Blending of different styles and genres without clear boundaries.

Questioning Authority: Challenging traditional notions of authority, truth, and objectivity.

Examples:

Art: Andy Warhol's pop art, which combines high art and popular culture.

Literature: Thomas Pynchon's "Gravity's Rainbow," known for its complex, fragmented narrative.

Architecture: Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum, characterized by its unconventional design and use of materials.

Impact

Postmodernism has significantly influenced contemporary culture, art, literature, architecture, and philosophy, encouraging a more diverse, pluralistic, and critical approach to understanding the world.

Postmodernism embraces complexity and challenges conventional boundaries.

8)- Dada movement:

Dada was an avant-garde art movement of the early 20th century that emerged as a reaction to the horrors of World War I and a rejection of the conventional aesthetics and cultural norms of the time.

Key Points

Definition: Dada is characterized by its embrace of absurdity, irrationality, and a disdain for traditional artistic values and techniques.

Time: The movement began around 1916 and was most active during the period of 1916 to the mid-1920s.

Setting: It originated in Zurich, Switzerland, and spread to other major cities like Berlin, Paris, and New York.

Pioneers:

Artists: Marcel Duchamp, Hans Arp, and Hannah Höch.

Writers: Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball.

Characteristics:

Absurdity and Nonsense: Dada works often employed nonsensical and absurd elements to challenge conventional art.

Collage and Assemblage: Use of mixed media, found objects, and collage techniques.

Anti-Art: A deliberate rejection of traditional art forms and institutions.

Performance and Manifestos: Emphasis on performance art and written manifestos to express the movement's ideals.

Examples:

Art: Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" (a urinal signed) 

"Comedy of menace" is a term used to describe a genre of plays that combine elements of comedy and terror, often with a sense of foreboding or threat. These plays typically create a tense and unsettling atmosphere while still incorporating humor, often through dark or absurd situations. The term was popularized by critic Irving Wardle in 1958, when he used it to describe Harold Pinter's play, "The Birthday Party."

Key features of comedy of menace include:

Ambiguity: The characters' motivations and the nature of the threat are often unclear, creating a sense of unease.

Isolation: Characters are frequently isolated or trapped in confined spaces, heightening the tension.

Power Dynamics: The plays often explore power struggles and psychological manipulation between characters.

Absurdity: Situations and dialogues can be bizarre or surreal, adding to the unsettling atmosphere.

Dark Humor: Despite the menacing undertones, these plays incorporate humor, often through irony, absurdity, or the characters' reactions to their predicaments.

Notable playwrights associated with comedy of menace include Harold Pinter, Joe Orton, and David Campton. Their works often blur the lines between comedy and drama, creating a unique and thought-provoking theatrical experience.